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Table 3 Fitting results using GM(1,1) model

From: Digital Twin-based Quality Management Method for the Assembly Process of Aerospace Products with the Grey-Markov Model and Apriori Algorithm

Product code

Original value (mm)

Predicted value (mm)

Residual (mm)

Relative error (%)

A4-1

5.918

5.918

0

0

A4-2

5.205

3.891

1.314

25.24

A4-3

4.393

4.355

0.037

0.85

A4-4

4.520

4.875

− 0.354

7.84

A4-5

5.105

5.456

− 0.351

6.87

A4-6

5.818

6.106

− 0.289

4.96

A4-7

6.647

6.835

− 0.188

2.83

A4-8

7.560

7.649

− 0.089

1.18

A4-9

8.467

8.562

− 0.094

1.11

A4-10

9.642

9.582

0.060

0.62

A4-11

10.811

10.725

0.086

0.79

A4-12

11.898

12.004

− 0.106

0.89

A4-13

13.548

13.435

0.113

0.84