Table 1 Geometric characterization parameters of defect

ξ₁

Defect area

S

ξ₂

Defect perimeter

P

ξ₃

Defect marker rectangle width

L_x

ξ₄

Defect marker rectangle height

Ly

ξ₅

Defect circumscribed rectangle long axis

H

ξ₆

Defect circumscribed rectangle short axis

W

ξ₇

Defect direction factor

Q

ξ₈

Defect shape factor

C

ξ₉

Defect slenderness

K

ξ₁₀

Defect roundness

J

ξ₁₁

Defect inclination

θ

ξ₁₂-ξ ₁₅

Defect invariant moment

T1-T4