Table 2 Parameters considered in the dynamic analysis and wear prediction of the 3D joint with clearance

Journal diameter

15 mm

Bearing diameter

16 mm

Length of journal and bearing

17 mm, 15 mm

Initial radial and axial clearance of joint

0.5 mm, 1 mm

Stick–slip switching velocity v_s and static–sliding friction switching velocity v_d

1 mm/s, 10 mm/s

Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of journal material (steel)

207 GPa, 0.29

Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of bearing material (brass)

100 GPa, 0.39

Coefficient of restitution

0.9

Static and sliding coefficient of frictions

0.2, 0.1

Coefficient of wear

5.05×10⁻¹⁰ m³/N·m

Number of layers of the discrete points on the bearing’s inner surface

20

Number of the discrete points per layer on the bearing’s inner surface

200

Crank rotation speed

120 r/min (counter-clockwise)

Integration method for solving dynamic equations

ode15s function

in MATLAB

Baumgarte stability control parameters

α = 1000, β = 1000