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Table 2 Comparison of numerical and experimental values

From: Effect of RANS Turbulence Model on Aerodynamic Behavior of Trains in Crosswind

Turbulence model

c s

Relative error (%)

c l

Relative error (%)

SKE

4.29

8.06

1.55

− 36.2

RNG

4.15

4.53

1.79

− 26.3

RKE

3.94

− 0.76

1.54

− 36.6

SKW

3.88

− 2.27

1.68

− 30.9

SST

3.99

0.50

1.90

− 21.8

SPA

3.91

− 1.51

1.55

− 36.2

EXP

3.97

2.43