Table 3 Existing cabled seafloor observatories
Project | Installation time | Developer | Objective |
|---|---|---|---|
LEO-15 [94] | 1996 | WHOI | Long-term ecosystem observing off the central coast of New Jersey |
HUGO [109] | 1997 | The University of Hawaii | Studying undersea volcanism and associated phenomena at Loihi, the newest volcano of the Hawaiian chain |
H2O [110] | 1998 | WHOI, The University of Hawaii, and Margus, Inc, etc. | Studying seismology |
VENUS | 1999 | JAMSTEC | Eco-monitoring and fit for manned submersible |
MVCO [111] | 2000 | WHOI | Studying coastal atmospheric and oceanic processes of Martha’s Vineyard Coast |
DONET [98] | 2006 | JAMSTEC | Precise earthquake and tsunami monitoring |
VENUS [103] | 2006 | The University of Victoria | Understanding biological, chemical, and physical processes of the coastal waters of southern Vancouver Island |
2007 | The University of Victoria | Studying hydrothermal systems, gas hydrates, the coupling between physical and biological systems, the dynamics of deep-sea benthic ecosystems, the inshore physical and biological oceanography, etc. | |
MARS [104] | 2008 | Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute | Long-term measurements in deep benthic environments |
ACO [105] | 2011 | The University of Hawaii | Investigating temporal dynamics in biology, physics, and chemistry |
2011 | Europe | Understanding the role of Arctic Ocean for climate changes, long-term observation on mud-volcano eruptions in the Norwegian margin, studying biogeochemical processes of the Porcupine Abyssal Plain, etc. | |
RSN [106] | 2012 | The University of Washington, etc. | Serving future science needs and technological advances |
NIED [99] | 2014 | National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (Japan) | Monitoring earthquake, tsunami and vertical crustal deformation |
SCSSON [108] | 2016 | Zhejiang University, Tongji University, etc. | Studying ocean dynamics and biogeochemical processes, and preventing disasters, etc. |