Figure 1

Different examples of natural resistance to solid particle erosion and the corresponding micro/nanostructures: (a) The armor of the desert scorpion (Androctonus australis) with special surface structures (curve, grooves, bumps and pits) has excellent erosion resistance [19]; (b) The tamarisk (Tamarix chinensis) can effectively resist sand erosion due to the special surface structures (curve, grooves and bumps) of the trunk surface [20]; (c) The layer-like nacre of a gastropod (Haliotis laevigata) assembled by aragonite platelets can reduce external impacts to protect the inner soft body [21]; (d) The lobster cuticle (Homarus americanus) with the twisted plywood structure exhibits excellent mechanical properties [22, 23]; (e) The desert lizard skin (Laudakin stoliczkana) can be used for preventing erosion from sand and have a hard layer and a soft layer in their buffered structure (Image of desert lizard provided by He Huang) [24]; (f) The sandfish skin (Scincus scincus) is durable [25, 26]; (g) Schematic illustration of the self-healing process of skin [27]; (h) Schematic illustration of the self-healing process of bone [28]