From: Advanced Data Collection and Analysis in Data-Driven Manufacturing Process
Year
Indirect measurement
Direct measurement
Before 2000
Current sensor [36, 37]
2001–2010
Displacement sensor [38]
Strain gauge [39]
Piezoelectric sensor [40]
2011–2020
Smart tooling [43, 44]
Wireless cutting force sensor [41]
Embedded PVDF [42]
