Development of High-Speed On–Off Valves and Their Applications

Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering

Table 2 Summary of the pilot operated HSVs with innovative structures

Reference	Valve construction	Structure feature	Switching frequency/time (ms)	Flow capacity (L/min)
Winkler et al. [34]	Poppet	Multi-poppet	1	85
Lantela et al. [35]	Ball	Miniature structure	1	9
Johnston et al. [36]	Spool	Three-stage	0.5	50
Jia et al. [39]	Rotary	Servo spiral mechanism	8	60