A Type-2 Fuzzy Approach to Driver-Automation Shared Driving Lane Keeping Control of Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Under Imprecise Premise Variable

The driver-automation shared driving is a transition to fully-autonomous driving, in which human driver and vehicular controller cooperatively share the control authority. This paper investigates the shared steering control of semi-autonomous vehicles with uncertainty from imprecise parameter. By considering driver’s lane-keeping behavior on the vehicle system, a driver-automation shared driving model is introduced for control purpose. Based on the interval type-2 (IT2) fuzzy theory, moreover, the driver-automation shared driving model with uncertainty from imprecise parameter is described using an IT2 fuzzy model. After that, the corresponding IT2 fuzzy controller is designed and a direct Lyapunov method is applied to analyze the system stability. In this work, sufficient design conditions in terms of linear matrix inequalities are derived, to guarantee the closed-loop stability of the driver-automation shared control system. In addition, an H∞\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$H_{\infty }$$\end{document} performance is studied to ensure the robustness of control system. Finally, simulation-based results are provided to demonstrate the performance of proposed control method. Furthermore, an existing type-1 fuzzy controller is introduced as comparison to verify the superiority of the proposed IT2 fuzzy controller.


Introduction
Vehicle automation has attracted extensive attention from academia, industry and government over the past decades.It can reduce driver workload and road accidents resulted from human factors such as distraction and drowsiness, etc.However, there are still some barriers in the way to fully driving automation, such as the limitation of contemporary technology and anthropologic issue.Furthermore, some severe autonomous-driving accidents also indicate the human-off-the-loop driving is dangerous [1,2].It means that although the fully driving automation is an ultimate appeal for autonomous vehicle, the human driver still plays an important role in the current stage.However, inattention of human driver does threaten the vehicle safety.Moreover, considering human driver's physical and psychological influence on the strategic, tactical and control behavior, he/she may do mis-operation in complex environment.In order to improve the vehicle safety and alleviate driver's burden, many advanced vehicle assistance systems, like adaptive cruise control system (ACC), lane departure warning system (LDWS) and lane keeping assistance system (LKAS) [3][4][5] are developed.In general, these vehicle-borne auxiliary systems could undertake driving tasks independently.For example, in a circumstance where the road is longer and straighter as well as the destination is farther apart, ACC could follow the preceding vehicle automatically.However, ACC has its own dynamic and situated limitations.For instance, the bad weather condition may degrade the lead vehicle following performance of it [6] and it sometimes cannot comprehensively consider lanechanging vehicles [7].Similarly, other advanced assistance systems may also exceed their control bandwidths in the case where external environment changes rapidly [6].As a result, it is necessary that human driver and vehicular assistance system control the vehicle cooperatively.Therefore, there is an inevitable interaction between them.
Taking the electric power assist system (EPAS) for instance, when human driver implements his/her control behavior on the steering wheel, EPAS could assist the driver to adjust the steering through an electric motor.With hands on the steering wheel, the driver could also perceive that the vehicle has its own intention.It is worth mentioning that there may be unexpected assistance in regular driving, which can disturb the driver and even be harmful to vehicle safety.Therefore, conflict between human driver and automation system is a challenge to be settled.Fortunately, shared control is a valid approach to weaken conflict between them [8,9], in which human driver and automation system share the control authority of vehicle collaboratively.In fact, there is no consentaneous definition for shared control in academia, Abbink et al. [6] proposed in shared control, human and 'robot' are interacting congruently in a perception-action cycle to perform a dynamic task that either human or the robot could execute individually under ideal circumstances.Here, the 'robot' means a designed system with a degree of 'intelligence' and 'autonomy' , such as the vehicle equipped with advanced assistance systems, which can complete particular driving task independently under certain circumstances.There are also some other researchers emphasizing the essence of shared control lies in the execution of actions, although 'monitor' and 'decision' can also be shared [10].This emphasis on 'lowlevel' execution is also central to the proposed definition of shared control for automotive domain [6].There are two different types of shared control: directly shared control and indirectly shared control [11].The former means the 'robot' will interpose the driver directly while the latter emphasizes that the 'robot' will compensate the driver's activity.
Shared control has been extensively studied in the last two decades.Saleh et al. [12] designed a shared control method, which was based on a closed-loop driver-vehicle-road model, and the shared control law was realized through an H 2 -preview control method.Huang et al. [13] presented a shared framework of the driver and the semiautonomous vehicle, in which a data-driven shared control law using robust adaptive dynamics programming was studied.Li et al. [14] proposed a driver-automation shared control strategy for obstacle avoidance, where a two-layer fuzzy strategy was introduced to address the control authority allocation issues.Erlien et al. [15] proposed a shared control framework for obstacle avoidance using two safe driving envelopes, where a model predictive control (MPC) scheme was developed to determine whether the driver can ensure a safe vehicle trajectory within proposed two envelopes or not and when to intervene the driver.Ji et al. [16] proposed a novel stochastic game-based shared control framework to model the steering torque interaction between human driver and the intelligent electric power steering system.Li et al. [17] presented an 'indirect shared control' framework for steer-by-wire vehicles, in which a 'best-response' driver steering model based on MPC was proposed.Lu et al. [18] studied the driving performance of brain-controller vehicles which are controlled by human 'mind' through a brain-computer interface.In this work, they proposed a shared control method based on MPC strategy, to ensure the brain-control drivers have the maximum control authority.Nguyen et al. [19] studied the shared control between human driver and LKAS for lane keeping and obstacle avoidance, in which a fictive nonlinear function was proposed to describe driver's activities.They proposed a type-1 Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy method to deal with the time-varying vehicle speed.However, although the type-1 fuzzy technology is useful in describing nonlinear and/or linear parameter-varying systems [20], it cannot describe uncertainty in the membership function.Generally, the vehicle longitudinal speed in system model can be determined through the wheel-speed sensor.However, the precision of measurement is limited due to sensor performance.Usually, high precision comes with high cost, while low-cost sensor leads to inevitable measurement error.This inevitable measurement error will lead to imprecise longitudinal speed.Moreover, when the wheel is not free-rolling, the longitudinal speed obtained based on wheel-speed sensor will also be imprecise.The imprecise longitudinal speed can make the membership function in type-1 fuzzy model uncertain.If this kind of uncertainty is neglected when designing controller, the performance of designed controller will be greatly affected.Fortunately, type-2 fuzzy technology is a valid method to further address uncertainty in the membership function.
The conception of type-2 fuzzy system was proposed by Zadeh [21].It can be regarded as a collection of finite number of type-1 fuzzy systems [22,23].Differing from type-1 T-S fuzzy system, type-2 fuzzy system has a better property in describing uncertainties which cause difficulty to determine exact membership function [24,25].There are various sources of uncertainties in type-1 fuzzy system: (1) Measured signals activating type-1 fuzzy system may be contaminated by noise or other factors and therefore be uncertain; (2) Data applied to type-1 fuzzy system to modify parameters may be incomplete or fragmentary [26,27].All of these can generate uncertainty in the membership function.Fortunately, it can be removed by the type-2 fuzzy technology, which has been studied and demonstrated in many literatures.Hani et al. [28] studied the autonomous mobile robot navigating in changing environment, in which a type-2 fuzzy logic technology was developed to handle uncertainties from changing and unstructured environments.Zhang et al. [29] addressed the fault detection problem for continuous-time fuzzy semi-Markov jump systems, in which an interval type-2 fuzzy approach was utilized to solve uncertainty of system parameters.Kumbasar and Hagras [30] proposed a self-tuning zSlices-based type-2 fuzzy PI controller to handle high levels of uncertainties and ensure the robustness of system to disturbances noise and uncertainties, where the secondary membership functions were adjusted in an online manner.Muhuri et al. [31] addressed the multi-objective reliability-redundancy allocation problem to ensure high system reliability in the presence of uncertain parameters, in which an interval type-2 fuzzy technology was utilized as type-1 fuzzy technology has limitations in representing high order uncertainties.
This paper studies the driver-automation shared steering control problem for lane keeping performance.In order to attenuate the conflict between human driver and vehicular automation system, interaction between them is studied.As mentioned before, the driver could perceive the vehicle having its own intention with hands on the steering wheel.Apart from this, the vehicular automation also needs to know the driver's behavior and then it can provide appropriate assist torque according to driver's behavior.Consequently, a time-varying weighting function related to driver's activity is introduced here to adjust the assist torque, so that an appropriate assistance level can be ensured.Considering the uncertain driver behavior, furthermore, a two-point preview driver model is used to describe the driver's behavior.Then, a driver-automation shared driving model is obtained.As the vehicle longitudinal speed is time-varying in the driving process, the obtained model will be a linear parameter-varying model.Although type-1 T-S fuzzy theory is a valid method to address such model, it cannot remove the uncertainty in the membership function resulted from inevitable measurement error.Moreover, the introduced time-varying weighting function related to driver's activity also contains time-variant variable, which can also cause uncertain membership function.Therefore, a type-2 fuzzy technology is studied in this work, to address uncertainty in the membership function and the controller design issue.Differing from the previous work in Ref. [32], an H ∞ performance index is introduced here, to weaken the influence of external disturbance on the control system.It is because both the lane keeping performance and the system robustness should be guaranteed.Besides, data from urban driving condition is also applied to verify effectiveness of the proposed method.The main contributions of this paper are summarized as follows: (1) A new type-2 fuzzy technology is applied to remove uncertainty in the membership function resulted from measurement error and parameters of driver state.(2) A different control output is introduced, which considers information of both the lane keeping performance and conflict between human driver and vehicular automation system.(3) A D-stability method is introduced to realize the pole placement and then improve transient performance of the control system.

Problem Statement
This section formulates the driver-automation shared control problem.As mentioned before, if the interaction between human driver and vehicle assistant system is ignored, it may lead discomfort to the driver and even conflict between them.To avoid conflicts, the driverautomation shared control law for a lane keeping purpose is studied.Considering uncertain driving behavior of the driver, a two-point previewed driver model is applied to the road-vehicle model and then the driver-automation shared driving model is obtained.Moreover, a type-2 fuzzy technology is introduced in this section to address time-varying parameters and uncertainty in the system.

Mechanism of the Exoskeleton Arm
In this work, a shared steering control strategy for lane keeping performance is studied.Here, it is assumed that there are no vehicles moving into the lane on both sides of the target vehicle.Then, a lateral vehicle dynamics as shown in Figure 1 is studied.In addition, in order to analyze the robustness of the control system, effects of external disturbances like the lateral wind is considered.Therefore, the lateral translational motion and the yaw dynamics of vehicle is described as follows [33]: where v y is the lateral velocity, and v x is the longitudinal velocity.r represents the yaw rate.m is the total vehicle mass.I z is the vehicle yaw inertia moment.l f shows the distance from center of gravity to front axle, and l r is the distance from center of gravity to rear axle.l w indicates the distance from center of gravity to the lateral wind impact center.C r is the concerning stiffness of rear tires, and C f is the concerning stiffness of front tires.δ repre- sents the front wheel steering angle.F l is the lateral wind force, which is a disturbance considered in this work.
In this work, a model needs to be defined to describe the vehicle lateral offset, as the lane keeping performance is pursed.As shown in Figure 1, considering the lookahead distance, the lateral offset consists of two parts: (1) the lateral displacement resulted from vehicle motion; (2) the component originating from the look-ahead distance.As a result, the model of vehicle lateral offset is defined as follows [34]: (1) where y l shows the lateral offset, l s is the look-ahead dis- tance, and ψ l is the heading error.It should be noted that the heading error is approximatively assumed to be the yaw angle.The assumption is valid in circumstance where the road curvature is too small to be neglected, which is realistic for the highway driving environment.Then, the following equation could be obtained: In the framework of driver-automation shared driving, the human driver implements a torque on the steering wheel while the vehicular automation controller also provide an assistant torque to control the vehicle.Then, a desired front-wheel steering angle is obtained through the steering system.Considering the damping characteristic of steering system and the aligning torque resulted from front-tire lateral force, the equation of front-wheel steering angle is shown as follows: where I s is the moment of inertia, and R s is the gear ratio of steering system.B s is the damping coefficient of steer- ing system.n R is the tire pneumatic trail.Finally, the driver-automation shared driving model for lane keeping performance is obtained and the state-space model is determined by combing Eqs. ( 1 (4) In the state-space model, x = v y r ψ l y L δ δ T is the state vector.Assistant torque T a and driver torque T d are the system input.w(t) means external disturbance, and it shows the lateral wind force here.In this work, an appropriate assistant torque, which can suit the driver's current driving behavior, is desired to be designed.Considering uncertain behavior of human driver, a two-point previewed driver model is introduced as follows [19]: where, θ near represents visual direction to the near point, which is related to the driver's present activity.θ far indi- cates visual direction to the far point, which is related to the driver's expectant activity.K d1 and K d2 are gains in accordance with the two angles θ near and θ far respectively, which represent driver's proportional actions on the two angles.The two visual angles θ near and θ far are defined as: where T p is the preview time, and τ a is the react time of human driver.Then, the predicted driver torque can be rewritten as follows: where For the driver-automation shared driving system, both the driver torque and the assistant torque are system input.It should be noted that the pursuit of this work is to design an appropriate assistant torque according to the driver's current behavior.As the driver torque is predicted, the assistant torque could be designed through properly designed controller.It should be emphasized that the designed assistant torque should have ability to be adjusted according to the driver's behavior, to avoid disturbing the human driver.

Driver's Adaptive Need for Assistance
The interaction between human driver and vehicular automation system plays a key role in driver-automation shared control.On the one hand, the human driver must have an adaptive control authority to the vehicle.On the other hand, the assist torque from automation system should be adapt to the driver's real-time activity.When the driver is in distraction, for example, his/her currently driving performance is poor.In this case, the assistant system should provide an assistance with high level.
Moreover, the assistance level should decrease along with the increase of driver's driving performance, to ensure a comfortable driving experience for the driver.In addition, when the human driver is highly focused on the driving task, but he/she is in overload, like the circumstance where human driver is in a dangerous situation, the need for assistance should also be in high level.It means adaptive level of assistance should be provided to undertake the driving tasks [35].Following these guidelines, the assistant torque from vehicular automation system is modulated as follows: where u(t) is the control input to be determined.The time-varying parameter µ(θ d (t)) is a function of the driver's activity, it shows the driver's need for assistance.Based on it, the assist torque T a can be adapted according to the driver's real-time activity.It should be noted that the driver's activity contains two types of information: (1) the driver's torque; (2) the driver's state.Hence, the detailed description of µ(θ d (t)) is given as follows [19]: where, θ d (t) represents the driver's real-time activity.It could be described by two parameters i.e., T dN , DS .T dN is the driver's normalized torque and it describes the driver's workload.DS (0 ≤ DS ≤ 1) shows information of driver's state and it describes the driver's attention on the driving task.Note that it means that the driver is divorced from the driving task when DS = 0 , and the driver is highly focused on the driving task when DS = 1.ω 1 , ω 2 and µ min are parameters of the parabolic equa- tion µ(θ d (t)) .Thereinto, µ min is the minimal assistance level and it could be obtained based on the practical (9) demand.It is worthy mentioning that the minimal assistance level should guarantee the weighting parameter µ(θ d ) has a large range.σ 1 , σ 2 and σ 3 are weight param- eters of the driver's torque and the driver's state [19].
As the uncertain driver behavior is approximately predicted by Eq. ( 8) and the assistance torque is designed through Eq. ( 9), substituting Eqs. ( 8) and ( 9) into Eq.( 5), the driver-automation shared driving system used for controller design purpose can be obtained as follows: where and For a control system, the control output should be defined based on the performance demand.As the lane keeping performance is studied in this work, the tracking performance should be guaranteed first.Moreover, as the shared control strategy is proposed to reduce conflict between human driver and vehicular automation, the difference between them should also be considered.In addition, when there exists assistance for human driver, considering the road sense, the steering angle should not change too quickly, which may cause discomfort for the human driver.Therefore, its derivative is also an important factor to evaluate the proposed method.Consequently, the control output in this work is defined as: Remark 1 It should be noted that the vehicle longitudinal speed v x (t) and the driver activity variable θ d (t) involved in system shown in Eq. ( 11) are time-varying.(11) a 11 a 12 0 0 a 15 0 a 21 a 22 0 0 a 25 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 l s v x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 a 61 a 62 a 63 a 64 a 65 a 66 Moreover, measurement error of v x (t) is inevitable in engineering and the parameter DS in θ d (t) is also time- varying.Therefore, the type-1 T-S fuzzy technology depending on a precise vehicle speed in Ref. [19] may not hold for the practical application.

Remark 2
In this work, a shared control strategy for the lane keeping assistance system is studied, therefore, both tracking performance and the conflict between human driver and automation system should be considered.Although a time-varying parameter µ(θ d (t)) is intro- duced to adjust the assistant torque according to human driver's activity, a global optimization index aiming to reduce the discrepancy between human driver and automation system is also necessary.Differing from the work in Ref. [18], a variant control output considering difference between the driver's torque and the assistant torque is introduced, to attenuate conflict between them.

Driver-Automation Shared Control Design
This section illustrates the type-2 fuzzy driver-automation shared driving model and the corresponding control strategy.

Type-2 Fuzzy Driver-Automation Shared Driving Model
In the driver-automation shared driving system shown in Eq. ( 11), the vehicle longitudinal velocity is time-varying, which leads to a linear parameter-varying system.As well known, conventional type-1 T-S fuzzy model is valid to describe such a system and then the membership function could be obtained based on the characteristic of the time-varying parameter.However, as mentioned above, there is inevitable error in the vehicle longitudinal speed.It will cause uncertainty in the membership function, which cannot be addressed by the type-1 fuzzy theory.The uncertain membership function could degrade the performance of designed driver-automation shared controller.To ensure better control performance, the uncertainty in the membership function resulted from measurement error has to be addressed.Differing from the existing work in which the vehicle longitudinal speed v x is assumed to be exactly known, the type-2 fuzzy technology is introduced here, to further solve the uncertainty in the membership function.Apart from the vehicle speed, the weighting function µ(θ d (t)) is also time-variant within its limitation, which shows the driver's need for assistance.Furthermore, it is related to the driver's state that can be described by the parameter DS .DS is also time-variant and changes in the range of its limitation, which could also cause uncertainty in the membership function.
All of these explain the reason why a new type-2 fuzzy model is applied here to describe the driver-automation shared driving system shown in Eq. (11), which is expressed as follows: Rule i: where p is the number of premise variables.M s i is the interval type-2 fuzzy set of known function f s (t) based on rule i , with i ∈ {1, 2, . . ., r} and s ∈ {1, 2, . . ., p} .The local state-space matrices A i ∈ R n×n , B 1i ∈ R n×m , B 2i and C i are known.The interval sets in accordance with firing strength of the ith rule are shown as: where α M s i (f s (t)) and α M s i (f s (t)) represent the lower and upper grades of membership governed by the lower and upper membership functions, respectively.Note that: Then, the interval type-2 fuzzy model of driver-automation shared driving system shown in Eq. ( 11) is defined as: where where, ν i (t) and ν i (t) are nonlinear function.A practical assumption on longitudinal speed is that where v min = 2.5 m/s and v max = 25 m/s .Meanwhile, the weighting func- tion µ(θ d (t)) is time-varying with the property of µ(θ d (t)) ∈ [µ min , µ max ] .There are three premise vari- ables v x (t) , 1 v x (t) and µ(θ d (t)) involved in system.Note that the number of fuzzy subsystems increases exponentially according to increase on the number of premise (13) Then variables.Then, the workload on computation will be increased.Here, in order to reduce the computation complexity, a new premise variable υ is introduced to decou- ple v x (t) and 1 v x (t) , which is shown as follows [18]: where υ ∈ [0, 1] .It should be noted that the new premise variable is imprecise as the speed v x (t) is imprecise.Then, the number of premise variable is reduced and the new two premise variables υ , µ(θ d (t)) can be expressed as: Since the number of premise variables is reduced from 3 to 2, the complexity of driver-automation shared driving system is significantly released.In addition, the error of v x (t) is assumed to be within ±10% , based on which the lower and upper membership functions can be referred in Table 1.

Type-2 Fuzzy Controller Design
As the type-2 fuzzy driver-automation shared driving model is defined, the following type-2 fuzzy shared controller is applied to stabilize the system shown in Eq. ( 16): Rule j: where G j , j ∈ {1, . . ., r} are the state-feedback gains to be designed.Then, the corresponding output of the interval type-2 fuzzy controller is defined as: where (17) (20) .

Table 1 Type-2 fuzzy membership functions
Lower and upper membership functions With the expressions in Eqs. ( 16) and ( 20), the closedloop type-2 fuzzy driver-automation shared control system can be obtained as: For simplicity, ξ i (t) , ξ j (t) and ξ j (t) are replaced with ξ i , ξ j and ξ j , respectively.Besides, they have the following characteristic: Then, the driver-automation shared controller design is transformed to find matrices G j for the closed-loop system shown in Eq. ( 21).Besides, when pursuing the control effect, the robustness should also be considered, which means the system itself should have ability to attenuate the influence of external disturbance on the control output z(t) .An H ∞ control method, therefore, is employed to evaluate the influence mentioned before, which is shown as: (21 In addition, in order to obtain better transient performance, a D-stability method is applied in this work.As well known, the transient performance of control system could be improved with its eigenvalues faring away from the imaginary axis, with the cost of huge control input.Fortunately, D-stability is a valid method to realize it without enlarging effort of the control system.(23) Lemma 1 [36] D-stability: A real matrix A is D-stable, i.e. all the eigenvalues of the matrix A are in the LMI region D , if and only if there exists a positive matrix P = P T such that Specially, for a disk LMI region (q, r), the condition for the D-stability is

Stability Analysis of Type-2 Fuzzy Shared Control System
The following theorem provides sufficient conditions for designing the type-2 fuzzy driver-automation shared controller with a promised H ∞ performance level.
Theorem 1 Given a positive scalar γ , the closed-loop type-2 fuzzy control system shown in Eq. ( 21) is asymptotically and robustly stable, the H ∞ condition in Eq. ( 23) is satisfied and the D-stability in a disk LMI region (q, r) is ensured if there exist matrices of appropriate dimensions (31) Based on Eq. ( 21), the time-derivative of candidate Lyapunov function (35) is expressed as: Moreover, one has where ε(t) = Px(t) , X = P −1 , K j = G j X .Besides, defin- ing that Q ij = He(A i X + B 1i K j ) for simplicity.It can be seen that the type-2 fuzzy control system shown in Eq. ( 21) is asymptotically stable if there is V (x(t)) < 0 .Apart from the stability, the robustness of control system is necessary to be studied as mentioned before, then, an index is defined as: where It can be seen from Eq. ( 38) that the condition Θ ij < 0 can ensure J < 0 .Then, the robustness of control system can be guaranteed.In order to reduce the conservativeness, some slack matrices are introduced here.Hence, a new function is defined as: (35) V (t) = x(t) T Px(t), P = P T > 0. (36) where L j , M j and N j are slack matrices with appropriate dimensions.Note that ξ i has the property of there is Φ = 0 .By using to present r i=1 r j=1 ξ i (ξ j + ξ j )Θ ij in Eq. ( 38), the following expression is obtained: By applying Schur complement to conditions in Eqs. ( 26) and ( 27) respectively, the two following equalities can be obtained: With conditions in Eqs. ( 41)-( 42) and ( 28)-( 31), the condition in Eq. ( 40) can be transformed to Then, the index J can be rewritten as where (39) (41) It can be seen from Eq. (32) that J < 0 .With similar steps in Ref. [37], negative index J indicates that the closed- loop system shown in Eq. ( 21) is stable and the H ∞ per- formance is guaranteed.Moreover, it should be emphasized that all the eigenvalues of matrices A i should be within the disk LMI region (q, r) to ensure desired tran- sient performance.Based on Lemma 1, the following inequality is obtained: Performing the congruence transformation to Eq. ( 46) with diag{P −1 , P −1 } and X = P −1 , condition in Eq. ( 33) can be obtained.
It is observed from Theorem 1 that H ∞ performance index γ indicates the attenuation level.Through minimiz- ing the value of γ , better disturbance attenuation perfor- mance can be obtained.Then, the following corollary is introduced: (45)

Simulation Results
In this section, simulation and comparison results are provided.The simulation platform structure is depicted in Figure 2. By computing a set of linear matrix inequalities in Theorem 1 with a disk LMI region (100, 100) , the feed- back gains can be obtained and the optimal H ∞ index γ is 0.497 .It should be noted that vehicle parameters used in the research is referred from Ref. [19].Here, the simulation test is set on the condition where humane driver and vehicular automation cooperatively undertake the driving task, with an adaptive level of assistance for the human driver.In order to demonstrate the advantage of γ * = min γ , s.t.Eq.( 26) to (33).
proposed type-2 fuzzy driver-automation shared controller, the type-1 T-S fuzzy controller from the work in Ref. [18] is introduced as a comparison.In addition, system constraints from Ref. [38] are referred, which represent the 'normal driving' zone for safety.
Note that the proposed type-2 fuzzy controller is designed to ensure better lane keeping performance.In practice, many factors such as the road geometry and the traffic flow can affect the driving.They could affect the vehicle speed and have further effect on the vehicle control.To verify the proposed controller for lane keeping performance, two modes are selected in the simulation experiment.One mode introduces a longitudinal vehicle speed depending on the road curvature and the function between them is adopted from Ref. [39].The other mode relies on the vehicle speed measured in the practically urban driving condition, which shows the influence of traffic flow.
In the first simulation test, the provided road curvature is shown in Figure 3(a).According to the relationship between them referred in Ref. [39], when the  fuzzy controller module, which could be obtained from through V x measured = V x desired + V x .V x means the error and it is assumed that there is ±10% deviation from the sensor, which is a sampled Gaussian noise generated by a signal builder.Moreover, the lateral wind force utilized in the simulation test can be referred in Figure 3(c).
Figures 4 and 5 depict results of the first test.Note that responses from two different shared controllers are obtained at the same driving pattern.Figure 4(a) indicates the vehicle lateral performance and Figure 4(b) represents the lane keeping performance.As depicted in Figure 4(a) and (b), when the lateral wind occurs, the proposed type-2 fuzzy controller brings smaller lateral offset and heading error than type-1 fuzzy controller.It is because the uncertainty resulted from error is considered, otherwise, it will degrade the performance of controller.Figure 4(c) shows that the proposed type-2 fuzzy controller provides a smaller overshoot in the response of vehicle yaw rate, which is closely related to the vehicle stability.In contrast, the conventional type-1 fuzzy controller generated a larger overshoot.In addition, large overshoot in steering rate should also be avoided, which will cause unexpected anxiety to the human driver.Similarly, it can be seen from Figure 4(d) that the proposed type-2 fuzzy controller provides more smaller overshoot than the other.The compared results indicate that the proposed type-2 controller outdoes the type-1 fuzzy controller.
In order to explain simulation results in detail, Table 2 represents comparison results about the root mean squares of vehicle states responding to two kinds of controller, and Table 3 shows comparison results about the infinite-norm.It can be seen from Table 2 and Table 3 that the type-2 fuzzy controller leads to little steady-state error and smaller maximum offset than the type-1 fuzzy controller during the response process.As a result, it can be concluded that the proposed type-2 controller is superior than the traditional type-1 fuzzy controller.
Figure 5 shows information of the assistance level and the torque distribution, which indicates that when the lateral wind occurs, the human driver and the automation have same directional activity and the maximal difference between them is about 3.8 N/m.Note that the driver torque can be predicted through Eq. ( 8).Looking at the information in more detail, Figure 5(a) depicts the assistance level in accordance with current driver's behavior.It shows that when there is no external disturbance, the automation can control the vehicle and release human driver from the driving task.When the lateral wind force acts and the human driver detects it, he/she will act to control the steering wheel.As depicted in Figure 5(a), the corresponding assistance level decreases and partial control authority is transferred to the human driver now.Note that if there is a biggish external disturbance, support of the automation may remain a high level, it is because the driver could not control the vehicle completely.Therefore, the minimal support is still in a high level in the presence of lateral wind, which is about 0.76.Similarly, Figure 5(b) also shows that the assistance torque is bigger than that of the driver torque.
In the second simulation test, the measured vehicle speed in urban driving condition is applied, which reflects the influence of urban traffic flow.The experiment data was employed by Ref. [40] to demonstrate the effectiveness of an adaptive cruise controller, in which the data were measured from an electric vehicle driven on an urban road (denoted as 'Route A' in the literature) in Cambridge, UK.Figures 6, 7 and 8 depict results of the second simulation test, thereinto, Figure 7(a) depicts the assistance level µ(θ d (t)) according to the driver's behav- ior and Figure 7(b) shows the corresponding torque distribution.Figure 7(a) shows that the assistance level decreases when the lateral wind acts, and the response is similar to that in the first simulation.
Figure 8(a) shows responses of both controllers, which are related to the lateral performance of controlled vehicle.It can be seen from Figure 8(a) that the maximal lateral offset of proposed type-2 fuzzy controller is smaller than that of the traditional type-1 controller.This shows the proposed controller is more precise, as the new type-2 fuzzy technology is applied to address the uncertainty from imprecise speed and changing driver state.Figure 8   fuzzy controller could ensure better lane keeping performance, of which the maximal heading error is smaller.
In addition, comparisons on responses of the yaw rate and the steering rate are given in Figure 8(c) and (d), respectively.It is well known that the yaw rate is an important index to evaluate the vehicle handling stability and the value is desired to be tiny for the vehicle safety.Furthermore, steering rate can also affect the driver's driving experience, because of the feedback of road sense with his/her hands on the steering wheel.Both are important indicators to evaluate the proposed control method.Fortunately, based on comparisons on responses of both controllers, it can be concluded that the proposed type-2 fuzzy controller is much better than the traditional type-1 fuzzy controller, as the former provides smaller yaw rate and steering rate.Similarly, compared results from Table 4 and Table 5 also demonstrate the superiority of proposed type-2 fuzzy controller not only in the steady-state error of control system but also in the system overshoot.
In this work, the type-2 fuzzy technology is introduced to address imprecise vehicle longitudinal velocity, which can lead to uncertainty in the membership function.In fact, apart from the imprecise measurement of vehicle speed, other uncertain parameters in the driver-automation shared driving system shown in Eq. ( 11) are also challenges.Differing from the vehicle speed v x , K d1 and K d2 are related to the driver behavior.In particular, K d1 represents the driver's proportional action on near angle and K d2 describes the driver's proportional action on far angle.They indicate the driver's contemporary behavior and anticipatory behavior, respectively.Generally, different drivers have different parameters K d1 and K d2 .In order to further demonstrate the superiority of type-2 fuzzy technology in dealing with high order uncertainties, an extensive simulation is tested, in which uncertain  As mentioned above, the vehicle longitudinal velocity v x and the weighting function µ(θ d (t)) in the driver- automation shared driving system shown in Eq. ( 11) are time-varying.In addition, K d1 and K d2 are uncer- tain because of the driver diversity with the property of K di ∈ [K dimin , K dimax ], i = 1, 2 .There are five prem- ise variables v x , 1 v x , K d1 v x , K d2 v x and µ(θ d (t)) .Similar to the previous work, the variable υ is introduced to decouple variables v x , 1 v x , K d1 v x and K d2 v x .Then, the premise variables µ(θ d (t)) , K d1 υ and K d2 υ can be obtained.To reduce the number of premise variables ulteriorly, a new variable K = K d1 /K d2 is introduced, which has the property of K ∈ [K min , K max ] .It should be noted that there are K > 1 and K min = K d1min /K d2max , K max = K d1max /K d2min .Consequently, only two premise variables K υ and µ(θ d (t)) are utilized.Then, the membership functions    Besides, a larger steering rate will influence human drivers when they put their hands on the steering wheel during the driving process.It can been seen from Figure 9(d) and Figure 10(d) that the type-2 fuzzy controller brings more modest effect on the human driver than the type-1 fuzzy controller.In addition, results in Figures 9 and 10 show that the type-2 fuzzy controller has better transient performance, as the type-2 fuzzy controller could converge to the steady-state quickly while the type-1 fuzzy controller has brief oscillation in the response process.It is because the D-stability method is introduced in this work.As a result, it can be concluded that the type-2 fuzzy controller is superior to the type-1 fuzzy controller not only on the lane keeping performance and vehicle stability but also on the transient performance.

Conclusions
(1) A driver-automation shared control system is studied in this work, in which the automation system could perceive the human driver's activity and adapt its effort according to the driver's activity.In this way, conflict between them can be reduced.(2) A type-2 fuzzy technology is developed in this work, as the conventional type-1 T-S fuzzy technology is invalid to analyze the driver-automation shared control system in the presence of imprecise vehicle speed.In fact, the vehicle longitudinal velocity is not only time-varying but also inaccurate.Moreover, the driver state DS in the weight- ing parameter µ(θ d (t)) is not constant but time- variant.These two parameters can cause uncertain membership function and if this kind of uncertainty is ignored when designing controller, the controller performance will be attenuated.(3) Both stability and H ∞ performance is studied for the type-2 fuzzy driver-automation shared control system, to ensure the proposed system is not only stable but also robust.(4) Sets of simulation experiments are tested.And results show advantages of the proposed type-2 fuzzy driver-automation shared controller, compared with an existing type-1 fuzzy controller.(5) In the future research, more complex road condition will be considered to pursue better lane keeping performance.In addition, a practical experiment will be done to check and update the proposed algorithm.
in Eqs.(26)-(33) are satisfied, the state-feedback gains can be obtained as follows:Proof Considering a candidate Lyapunov function presented as follows:

Figure 3
Figure 3 Given road curvature and the corresponding vehicle speed

Figure 4 Figure 5 a
Figure 4 Response of vehicle states in accordance with given road curvature-I (b) shows the lane keeping performance of both shared controllers with adaptive assistance.Since a smaller heading error indicates better lane keeping performance, Figure 8(b) indicates the proposed type-2

Figure 6 a
Figure 6 a The external disturbance, b the measured vehicle speed

Figure 7 a
Figure 7 a Assistance level according to driver's activity, b the driver torque and the assistance torque

Figure 8
Figure 8 Response of vehicle states in accordance with measured vehicle speed-I

could be defined as f 1 =
K υ and f 2 = µ(θ d (t)) .Follow- ing the same steps mentioned above, the extensive simulation results are depicted in Figures9 and 10.Simulation results in Figures 9 and 10 show that the type-2 fuzzy controller can promise smaller lateral offset and heading error, which means better lane keeping performance.Apart from it, as depicted in Figure9(c) and Figure10(c), the type-2 fuzzy controller produces lesser yaw rate compared to the type-1 fuzzy controller, indicating that it could promise better vehicle stability.

Figure 9
Figure 9 Response of vehicle states in accordance with given road curvature-II

Table 2
Root mean square (RMS) of vehicle states responding to given road curvature

Table 3
Infinite norm of vehicle states responding to given road curvature

Table 4
Root mean square (RMS) of vehicle states responding to measured vehicle

Table 5
Infinite norm of vehicle states responding to measured vehicle speed