Table 1 Simulation parameters

Vehicle quality m (kg)

1818.2

Distance of front axle from the mass center a (m)

1.463

Vehicle width L (m)

1.8

Distance of rear axle from the mass center b (m)

1.585

Yaw inertia I_z (kg·m²)

3885

Synthesized stiffness of front tires k₁ (N/rad)

– 62618

Synthesized stiffness of rear tires k₂ (N/rad)

–110185

Friction factor μ

0.8

Mass center height h_g (m)

0.53

Sprung height h_x (m)

1.3