From: Effects of Four Types of Pre-swirls on the Leakage, Flow Field, and Fluid-Induced Force of the Rotary Straight-through Labyrinth Gas Seal
Pre-swirl
Velocity (m/s)
Angle (°)
Axial
0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250
90
Radial
100
0, 30, 60, 90
Circumferential positive
Circumferential negative