Table 1 Concept of DT
From: Application of Digital Twin in Smart Battery Management Systems
Institutions / Authors | Year | Concept | Key Point |
|---|---|---|---|
NASA [27] | 2010 | DT is an integrated multi-physics, multi-scale, probabilistic simulation of a vehicle or system that uses the best available physical models, sensor updates, fleet history, etc., to mirror the life of its flying twin. | Integration, simulation |
Rosen et al. [28] | 2014 | DT is a kind of life cycle management through model and simulation which include the state information and historical information of the aircraft when manufacturing and using to realize the high-fidelity modeling of the aircraft in the full life cycle. | High-fidelity model |
Schluse et al. [29] | 2016 | DT is virtual substitutes for the real world and contains virtual presentation and communication capabilities, constituting smart objects as intelligent nodes within the IoT and services. | Virtual substitutes |
Söderberg et al. [30] | 2017 | DT uses faster optimization algorithms, powerful computing power and big data to realize real-time control and product optimization in the field of simulation. | Real-time control and optimization |
Xu et al. [31] | 2018 | DT dynamically represents a physical entity and its functions, behaviors, and rules. | Dynamic model |
Wang et al. [32] | 2019 | DT dynamically transmits selected online measurement data to the simulation world so that the running simulation model can reversely and adaptively control the real world. | Dynamic, feedback control |
Wu et al. [24] | 2020 | DT is a digital replica of a physical entity, and there is a close connection between the two. | Data, model, AI |