Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering

Table 1 Road condition constants

From: Integrated Active Suspension and Anti-Lock Braking Control for Four-Wheel-Independent-Drive Electric Vehicles

Road type	c₁	c₂	c₃	\(\lambda^{*}\)
Dry asphalt	1.28	23.99	0.52	0.17
Wet asphalt	0.86	33.82	0.35	0.12
Dry concrete	1.37	6.46	0.67	0.16
Cobble wet	0.40	33.71	0.12	0.12
Cobble dry	1.20	25.17	0.54	0.4
Snow	0.19	94.13	0.06	0.07
Ice	0.05	306.39	0	0.04

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